Henry Fowke Esq, 1758-1818

Photo by Peter Foster.

TABLET INSCRIPTION
 
HENRY FOWKE Esqre: late of this Borough.
born in Barbadoes
on the ninth day of November 1758.,
and second Son of
HENRY FOWKE Esqre: and SARAH his Wife
both of that Island
He died on the seventh day of October 1818,
in the 60th Year of his Age,
Sincerely beloved
by his family and numerous friends;
who
through life
will bear his integrity
his benevolence
and
his liberal spirit
in grateful remembrance

Location: Tewkesbury Abbey, West Wall, St. Faith’s Chapel.

Henry Fowke, 1758-1818.

By Sarah Crowe

His tablet inscription in Tewkesbury Abbey states that Henry Fowke was born in Barbados on November 9th 1758, and that he died on October 7th 1818 at the age of 60. He was the second son of Henry and Sarah Fowke “both of that island.”1 He was a man of great standing in the Tewkesbury area during his lifetime and was very active and influential in the community; in 1787 he is officially listed under the “Town Clerk and Coroners’ of Tewkesbury” and in 1791 he was listed as town Clerk of Tewkesbury and an Attorney.2 Around 1795 he established a firm of solicitors with E.W. Jones, “Fowke and Jones of Tewkesbury.”3 He was made a “bailiff, under the Charter of William the Third” in 1807.4 Further to this, he was also a Steward of Deerhurst Manor from 1787 until 1816, with Edward Warden Jones (his solicitor partner) as his deputy from 1815, having taken over this role from fellow solicitor Neast Harvard.5 Neast Harvard had taken “Henry Fowke junior, second son of H.F. senior, esq. of the Island of Barbados, West Indies, as his clerk for 5 years, and instructed him as attorney.”6 From 1802 – 1810 he owned the property Southorles Manor and the Moat, in the north part of Cudgley tithing, which dated from around 1290. He had purchased it from Edward Chinn and sold it in 1810 to the reverend William Beale (d.1827).7

Evidence linking the Fowke family to the Tewkesbury area dates back as far as the seventeenth century. It can be seen that “John Fowke (d. 1662), Lord Mayor [of London], third son of William Fowke of Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire” […] “came to London, and eventually rose to be one of its leading merchants.”8 John had dealings with the East India Company and “acquired, 28 Sept. 1648, the Gloucestershire manors of Maysmore, Preston, Longford, and Ashleworth, the property of the sees of Gloucester and Bristol, for 3,819l. 14s.”9 John Fowke has been described as “the most interesting man in English Civil War history” as well as a Parliamentarian and a “Priviteer.”10

Henry Fowke married Jane Charlotte Maxwell, who died aged 90 in 1859.11 Jane Charlotte Maxwell’s family owned, Twyning Manor from 1779 and she and Henry Fowke’s grandson, Richard John Maxwell Gumbleton went on to inherit the estate, in turn bequeathed it in his 1882 will to his wife during her life, and “then entailed it to the descendants of his niece” who was the late wife of Edward Thomas Smith, District Judge of Jamaica.12 The dates on Henry and Charlotte’s marriage license held in Gloucestershire Archives are confusing, and may be worthy of further research. The license states, “Marriage license allegation for Henry Fowke, of Tewkesbury, esquire, batchelor, aged 25, and Jane Charlotte Maxwell of Twinning, spinster, aged 21, 26 Apr 1794,” appearing tomake him 35 at the time of his marriage (if he was born in November 1758 as indicated on his tablet inscription in Tewkesbury Abbey), not 25 as stated on the above record.13

The first mention of the name “Henry Fowke” in the British Newspaper Archives was in an article carried by the Gloucester Journal on the 9th of July 1770.14 It is assumed that this pertained to Henry Senior, as Henry Fowke mentioned on the Tewkesbury memorial as being born in 1758 would have been 12 at this time. The Henry Fowke in this article (described as being “of the Island of Barbadoes”) was the “residuary Legatee” of the estate of the recently deceased Henry Whittaker, “late of Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, Attorney at Law,” suggesting he would inherit the remainder of his estate after all other claims upon it had been settled.15

The next reference appeared in the Ipswich Journal on the 16th of November 1771, which was reporting on a violent uprising of ““Coromantee negroes belonging to Mr. Henry Fowkes’s plantation at Bloody Bay in Tobago.”16 Although this was being reported in Tobago, this article appears to be referring to a plantation owned by Henry Fowke senior despite the “s” on the end of “Fowke” (spellings varied from newspaper to newspaper, with even “Henry” being written as “Henby” on one occasion; see below).17 It was not uncommon to own more than one estate on different islands. For example, in Jamaica in 1775, one-third of the landholders were absentees. On smaller islands, it could be higher. Of the 100 estates in Tobago in 1808, around half were owned by “absentee proprietors.”18 Therefore, this appears to be the same Fowke family – indeed, this article, which was carried by several publications at the time, was actually a report from Barbados, beginning “Extract from a letter from Barbadoes, Aug. 25. Capt. Wilkinson arrived here a few days ago from Tobago, by whom we learn …” then describing the events outlined above.19 Indeed, Henry Fowke senior’s entry in the UCL Centre For The Study of the Legacies of British Slavery’s database entry reads “Second wave purchaser of land in Tobago, appearing as the present proprietor of North-east division (St John parish) Lot no. 11 (300 acres) which had been purchased 19/04/1768 by A. Wilson and J. Hamilton and which became part of an estate called Bloody Bay.”20 He is also likely to be the “Henry Fowke merchant of London who appeared as the trustee and executor of William Whitaker of London in c. 1763 appointing local attorneys in Barbados to enter upon Whitaker’s ‘plantations and negroes’ and to receive all debts and all papers.”21

The Barbados Mercury, on the 24th of July 1784, carried the public notice that it “is hereby given to all whom it shall or may concern, that the subscriber, who was a prisoner in gaol on the 10th day of October, 1780, intends to take the benefit of said act” (this being the ‘Insolvent Act’).22 It was signed “HENBY FOWKE.”23 The same newspaper carried the same notice on the 31st of July. This time the name was “HENRY FOWKE.”24 At this time, Henry Fowke senior was one of the men named as part of the “commission of the peace.”25 On September 25th 1784 the same publication carried an advertisement for properties to be sold. It stated:

Two houses with the land they stand on, being about five thousand feet, and all the appurtenances thereunto belonging, situated in the Milk Market, near Jew-Street, at present tenanted by Mr. James Francis, dyer and Mr. William Young, saddler. Apply to Mrs. Sarah Fowke, at Turton’s plantation, or Thomas-Pare Fowke, Esq; in Bridge-Town.26

Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory.

It is suggested that this is Sarah Fowke, mother of Henry Fowke Junior, who is referenced on her son’s tablet in Tewkesbury Abbey. In 1780 there was a particularly deadly hurricane season throughout the eastern Caribbean islands, which may go some way to explaining why many plantations went bankrupt or were sold, and why some families relocated to Britain and elsewhere in the following years.27

1784 was the same year that saw the first conclusive reference to Henry Fowke junior, rather than his father, in a British newspaper. He would at this time have been 26 years of age, and, while there was nothing could be discovered which conclusively documented him leaving Barbados or arriving in Britain, the Gloucester Journal of August the 2nd of this year carried an advertisement for a property auction in Tewkesbury, which stated, “for further particulars enquire of Mr. Fowke, attorney at law, in Tewkesbury.”28 He is next referred to the following year listed among other local gentlemen who were campaigning for better pavements in Tewkesbury.29

In 1786 he is listed among those present at a meeting at the Swan Inn Tewkesbury (also included were local luminaries such as William Dowdeswell and Robert Raikes), which had been set up with the aim of establishing the Severn Humane Society (based on the London Humane Society), which promoted “lifesaving intervention” for those apparently drowned or suffocated and “promote the new, but controversial, medical technique of resuscitation” (one of the reasons for this was to prevent people being buried alive).30 The following year, Aris’s Birmingham Gazette reported in February that “Henry Fowke, Esq. was unanimously chosen town clerk and coroner for that town.”31

In August 1788 it was reported that a “Mr. Fowke” was among several passengers on the ship the Princess Royal East Indiaman, which serving the East India Company, had voyaged to China, Madras, and Bengal.32 Although there is no first initial it is possible that this is either Henry senior or one of his other sons, although it is unclear why his wife Sarah would have been left behind on Barbados (there are references to “Sarah Fowke,” but not her husband, in Barbadian newspapers for decades after 1788, as will be demonstrated below). The ship was reported to have left Bengal in February and then sailed from St Helena, which also had links to slavery, on the 21st of June.33 On 25th October 1788 there were listed for sale several parcels of land belonging to a bankrupt firm of merchants by the names of Marlar, Boyd, Stewart, and Allen.34 One of these parcels of land is described thus: “3906 square feet of land near the Custom-House in Bridge-Town, late belonging to Henry Fowke, Esq.; butting and bounding on lands and buildings of Mr. Samuel Ames, and on a lane or alley leading to the sea.”35

Henry Fowke next features in a British newspaper report in 1792, and he is now described as Henry Fowke “Esq.” rather than “gentleman.”36 He, along with William Codrington (see separate research page) were part of a group aiming to establish a medical dispensary in Tewkesbury.37 In January the following year a meeting was held in Tewkesbury regarding the upholding of the Constitution and Henry Fowke was involved in this in his role as Town Clerk.38 After this there is a jump to 1803, when he was named as a Deputy Lieutenant of the county of Gloucestershire in August.39 In 1806 “H. Fowke Esq.” was listed as one of many public figures to donate nationally to the “Patriotic Fund.”40 The following year he could be seen in his role of Town Clerk of submitting an application for taking down the local Key Bridge, and replacing it with a new one, along with improvements to the roads surrounding it (he could often be seen supporting infrastructure improvements in and around Tewkesbury).41 The following month he was elected as a bailiff for the borough of Tewkesbury.42

In 1805 he was bequeathed £1,000, as one of several “monetary legacies” in the will of Rachel Warner (nee Pare), the daughter and co-heir of John Pare of Antigua.43 She had owned/inherited estates on Antigua and Barbados, leaving her “Pares” Antigua estate “and all the enslaved people on it” jointly to her niece and nephew and their children.44 Warner left her Barbados estate, Waterford, “and all the enslaved people on it” to her nephew and niece as “tenants in common.” Her second estate on Antigua, “Belvidere” was bequeathed to her sister-in-law and the enslaved people themselves to her godson, Ashton Warner Junior.45 There is the suggestion of a link between the Pare and Fowke families of Barbados in an edition of the Barbados Mercury from the 20th of September 1783, which carried a list of “gentlemen named in the new commission of the peace.”46 These included “Thomas Pare Fowke.”47 The name “Henry Fowke” is mentioned in another will, which was probated in 1815 and was that of Thomas Porter I, who was High Sheriff of Devonshire in 1804 and a major owner of enslaved people in Demarara.48 The will specifically refers to:

estates in “Demerarary” which he left to his three sons Thomas, William and Henry: Paradise, Good Faith, Adventure, Hope Estate and Enmore Estate, situate on the east coast of the colony; and an estate in or near Bloody Bay Tobago ‘formerly called or known by the name Perry Wood and lately the estate and property of Henry Fowke of Barbados.’49 

UCL, Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery.

In 1808 the Worcester Journal announced in May the birth of a son to “Henry Fowke, Esq. Town Clerk of Tewkesbury” (Henry would have been 50 this year).50 In 1809 he was made a Justice of the Peace and in October 1816 he was made a “Magistrate of the Borough of Tewkesbury.”51 In July 1818 the Hereford Journal reported that Fowke was part of a committee proposing a River Severn bridge crossing at or “near to Lower Lode,” as it was felt that the existing ferry could at times be unsafe.52

On the 15th of October 1818 the Cheltenham Chronicle carried notice of the death of Henry Fowke the previous Wednesday “in his 60th year,” saying that he was for “many years Town Clerk and Deputy Recorder of that borough.”53 On reporting that Edmund Warden Jones (his solicitor partner) would take over this role in November, the Worcester Journal stated that Fowkes had held the position for “upwards of thirty years.”54 Two years later the same publication carried an advertisement stating that “the late Mr. Fowke’s Cellar of choice OLD WINE and RUM” would be for sale by auction.55 It was a vast collection (which also included aged port), “selected by the late HENRY FOWKE, Esq. from the first Importers, with great judgement and without regard to expense.”56

In 1823 Fowke’s house on Tewkesbury High Street was put up for auction “by order of the Devisees of the late HENRY FOWKE, Esq.”57 It was described as substantial, with a walled garden, stable, brewhouse, laundry, cellar, three roomy bed-chambers on the ground floor and five bed-chambers on the second, separate lots of other gardens and “tenements.”58 In 1823 Fowke’s eldest daughter Anne Rachel married Richard Gumbleton of Cork.59 In 1827, “Fowke and others” were complainants in the sale of Bennetts plantation, slaves and livestock, which was due to be auctioned (by Gabriel Jemmett) the following month, according to an article in the Barbadian newspaper.60

An 1812 edition of the Barbados Mercury and Bridge-town Gazette from the 4th of February carried details, at “Barbados, In Chancery” of “Sarah Fowke & others, Complts” verses “S Padmore, Jun. & others, Dfts” giving notice to the creditors of Padmore etc who had any claims on their estate, “the Sugar-work Plantation and Premises formerly called Turton’s, but now called HOPELAND” to bring to Chambers accounts of their demands.61 The final mention on Barbados of what could definitively be the Fowke family of Henry Fowke of Tewkesbury came in an edition the Barbadian on the 4th of April 1835.62 It carried a public notice from the “OFFICE OF ASSISTANT COMMISSIONERS OF COMPENSATION” dated April 4th 1835 in Bridgetown, which detailed the government compensation paid due to the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833, listing owners of enslaved people in the article alphabetically, along with the number of slaves they were being compensated for.63 Sarah Fowke is listed, as is her plantation in “St Michael” and she was being compensated for 4 slaves.64 It is not definitively clear what the relationship of Sarah was to Henry Fowke of Tewkesbury but if the latter was born in 1758, this would have put his mother’s birth potentially at around 1740, so she would either have been very elderly by this stage, or it could be another female relative, possibly a sister or sister-in-law. However, this is, a clear reference to the Fowke family still being slave and property owners on Barbados well into the nineteenth century, right up to the point of the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833, and the family can be seen to have benefitted from the compensation paid to the owners of enslaved people at this time as well as having continued to have profited from the income of these estates for many years.

  1. Tewkesbury Monuments Review <Tewkesbury Monuments Review (1).pdf> ↩︎
  2. Tewkesbury Universal British Directory 1791, <https://parishmouse.co.uk/directories/tewkesbury-universal-british-directory-1791/> [accessed 12/4/2025]. James Bennett, The History of Tewkesbury, Transcription by Rosemary Lockie, 2015, <https://texts.wishful-thinking.org.uk/Tewkesbury1830/Appendix.htm> [accessed 12/4/2025]. ↩︎
  3. Henry Fowke, UCL, Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery
    <https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146634580.> [accessed 12/4/2025]. Fowke and Jones of Tewkesbury Solicitors, c. 1795-1850, Gloucestershire Archives, D1735. ↩︎
  4. James Bennett, The History of Tewkesbury, Transcription by Rosemary Lockie, 2015, <https://texts.wishful-thinking.org.uk/Tewkesbury1830/Appendix.htm> [accessed 12/4/2025]. ↩︎
  5. Deerhurst Manor, GA, D7 <https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/e934e4a6-7349-4077-acc8-487bfbfca247> [accessed 11/4/2025]. The Court Rolls of the Manor of Prestbury show that in 1786 Henry Fowke deputised for Neast Havard and in 1787 he became the new Steward. Neast Havard of Tewkesbury, was one of the attorneys of H.M. Court of Common Pleas at Westminster. The role of a steward in a manor court is detailed here: The Manor Court, Coinsbrough Court Rolls, <https://www.dhi.ac.uk/conisbrough/find/manor_court.htm> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  6. Norman J. Baker and Michelle Rees, The Court Rolls of the Manor of Prestbury Gloucestershire, 1726-1871, <https://prestburyhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/the-court-rolls.pdf>, p 12 [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  7. Newent – Manors and Estates, BHO British History Online, <https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/glos/vol12/38-54#fnn280>, GA, D 1927/4 and GA 1927/6 [accessed 11/3/2025]. ↩︎
  8. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fowke, John,
    <https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Fowke,_John> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  9. ibid. “By virtue of two decrees made by Lord-keeper Coventry, on 21 Nov. 1631 and 9 June 1635, the East India Company had detained Fowke’s ‘adventures in their hands, by him alleged to be sixteen hundred pounds in their second joint stock, and twenty-one hundred pounds more in three of their voyages.’ Fowke therefore petitioned the lords, 8 July 1646, to have these decrees reversed. On 6 May 1647 judgment was given in his favour. He obtained full restitution, with interest, and 100l. costs (Lords’ Journals, vols. viii. ix.).” ↩︎
  10. The Most Interesting Man in Civil War London, John Fowke Studies,
    <https://www.polemology.net/p/the-most-interesting-man-in-english> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  11. Maxwell-Gumbleton Papers, <https://martleweb.co.uk/gumbleton/collections/maxwell/3402.html>
    [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  12. Gumbleton Residences: Twyning Manor,
    <https://martleweb.co.uk/gumbleton/staterecords/residences/3384.htm> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  13. “Marriage license allegation for Henry Fowke, of Tewkesbury, esquire, batchelor, aged 25, and Jane Charlotte Maxwell of Twinning, spinster, aged 21, 26 Apr 1794, 1794,” GA, GDR/Q3/81 <https://catalogue.gloucestershire.gov.uk/records/GDR/17/3/81/80> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  14. Gloucester Journal, 9 July 1770, p. 1 <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000532/17700709/001/0001> [accessed 4/4/2025]. ↩︎
  15. ibid. ↩︎
  16. Ipswich Journal, 16 November 1771, p. 1,
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000191/17711116/005/0001> [accessed 11/4/2025]. This is a very detailed and revealing article regarding the plight of enslaved people and how negatively they were reported on in the press. An area called “Barbadoes Bay” on Tobago is also mentioned in this report. History of British rule in Tobago: Tobago, 1788, <https://arw.fandom.com/wiki/Tobago.> [accessed 11/4/2025]. Comantee definition: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coromantee> [accessed 11/4/2025].
    Here is a typical example of an advertisement for slaves for sale at this time, to demonstrate they were thought of as just another “commodity”: Barbados Mercury, 1 March 1788, p. 2,
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004032/17880301/008/0002> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  17. An “s” was often incorrectly added to his surname, for example in this research: Norman J. Baker and Michelle Rees, The Court Rolls of the Manor of Prestbury Gloucestershire, 1726-1871, <https://prestburyhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/the-court-rolls.pdf>, pp. 11-12 [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  18. The Plantation System of the West Indies, The Saint Lauretia Project,
    <https://runaways.gla.ac.uk/minecraft/index.php/the-plantation-system-of-the-british-west-indies/> [accessed 13/3/2025]. ↩︎
  19. Caledonian Mercury, 13 November 1771, p. 1,
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000045/17711113/004/0001> [accessed 11/4/2025]. Derby Mercury, 13 November 1771, p. 3, <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000189/17711115/009/0003> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  20. Henry Fowke, UCL, Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery
    <https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146634580.> [accessed 12/4/2025]. ↩︎
  21. ibid. ↩︎
  22. Barbados Mercury, 24 July 1784, p. 2, <https://dloc.com/AA00047511/00067/zoom/1> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  23. ibid. ↩︎
  24. Barbados Mercury, 31 July 1784, p. 2 <https://dloc.com/AA00047511/00068/zoom/1> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  25. Barbados Mercury, 20 September 1783, p. 4 <https://dloc.com/AA00047511/00026/zoom/3>
    [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  26. Barbados Mercury, 25 September 1784, p. 2 <https://dloc.com/AA00047511/00076/zoom/1> [accessed 11/4/2025]. The land of Thomas P Fowke, deceased, was being sold in an advert in the Mercury on 23/1/1808. Barbados Mercury, 23 January 1808, p. 2 <https://dloc.com/AA00047511/00364/zoom/1> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  27. The Great Hurricane of 1780s track, Atlantic Oceanographic and meteorological Laboratory,
    <https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hurricane_blog/235th-anniversary-of-the-great-hurricane-of-1780/#:~:text=From%20October%209%20through%2015,Noon%20of%20the%20following%20day> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  28. Gloucester Journal, 2 August 1784, p. 1,
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000532/17840802/001/0001> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  29. Gloucester Journal, 11 July 1785, p. 2,
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000532/17850711/002/0002> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  30. The History of the Society, Royal Humane Society,
    <https://royalhumanesociety.org.uk/the-society-history-and-archives/history/> [accessed 11/4/2025]. Royal Humane Society, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Humane_Society> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  31. Aris’s Birmingham Gazette, 26 February 1787, p. 3,
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000196/17870226/021/0003> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  32. Kentish Gazette, 26 August 1788, p. 3,
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000235/17880826/009/0003>, [accessed 11/4/2025]. Princess Royal (East Indiaman), <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Royal_(East_Indiaman)> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  33. Kentish Gazette, 26 August 1788, p. 3,
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000235/17880826/009/0003>, [accessed 11/4/2025]. Slavery, St Helena Island Info, <https://sthelenaisland.info/slavery/#:~:text=St.,deliver%20one%20slave%20to%20St.> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  34. Barbados Mercury, 25 October 1788, p. 3, <https://dloc.com/AA00047511/00214/zoom/2> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  35. ibid. ↩︎
  36. Gloucester Journal 30 January 1792, p. 2,
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000532/17920130/002/0002> [accessed 11/4/2025]. Esquire definition: <https://freiherrvonquast.wordpress.com/2020/01/19/who-is-entitled-to-the-suffix-of-esquire-esq/> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  37. Gloucester Journal 30 January 1792, p. 2,
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000532/17920130/002/0002> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  38. Gloucester Journal, 28 January 1793, p. 2,
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000532/17930128/010/0002> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  39. Star (London) 29 August 1803, p. 4,
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002646/18030829/008/0004> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  40. Sun (London), 13 February 1806, p. 1,
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002194/18060213/003/0001> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  41. Gloucester Journal, 21 September 1807, p. 2,
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000532/18070921/009/0002> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  42. Gloucester Journal, 5 October 1807, p. 3,
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000532/18071005/023/0003> [accessed 11/4/2025]. ↩︎
  43. Rachel Warner (nee Pare), UCL, Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery,
    <https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146644051> PROB 11/1435/82 [accessed 12/4/2025]. ↩︎
  44. ibid. ↩︎
  45. ibid. ↩︎
  46. Barbados Mercury, 20 September 1783, p. 4 <https://dloc.com/AA00047511/00026/zoom/3>
    [accessed 12/4/2025]. ↩︎
  47. ibid. ↩︎
  48. Thomas Porter I, UCL, Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery, 
    <https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146634510> PROB 11/1575/127 [accessed 12/4/2025]. More information on Thomas Porter I and his estates can be found here: Peter Wingfield Digby, W.S.M. D’Urban and his links to slavery, p. 17, <https://rammuseum.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/WSM-DUrban-and-his-links-to-slavery.pdf> [accessed 12/4/2025]. ↩︎
  49. Thomas Porter I, UCL, Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery, 
    <https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146634510> PROB 11/1575/127 [accessed 12/4/2025]. History of slavery in Trinidad and Tobago: History of Trinidad and Tobago, <https://www.britannica.com/place/history-of-Trinidad-and-Tobago> [accessed 12/4/2025]. This is the story of a slave named Sandy, from Tobago who lived at this time: “Sandy” Peoples of the Historical Slave Trade, <https://enslaved.org/fullStory/16-23-126818/> [accessed12/4/2025].
    Here is an account of someone who was related to a plantation owner at “Bloody Bay” Tobago: Alex Renton, Why I’ve written about my ancestors the slavers, interview in The Times, <https://www.bloodlegacybook.com/media-and-reviews-1/n6tmxiejfrp7g6v7js78y68mwdf3dc> [accessed 12/4/2025]. The Royal Albert Museum timeline includes information on uprisings of enslaved people in the 1770s: <https://rammuseum.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/In-Plain-Sight-Timeline-PDF.pdf> [accessed 12/4/2025]. Another timeline of Tobago uprisings led by “Sandy”: Chronology, <https://resources.amdigital.co.uk/coc/time/access.php?start=1750&end=1820> – ‘Sandy’: <https://enslaved.org/fullStory/16-23-126818/> [accessed 12/4/2025].
    Whereabouts of Perry Wood in Tobago: Enslaved Africans and Scottish Enslavers in Guyana, <https://www.spanglefish.com/slavesandhighlanders/index.asp?pageid=361493> [accessed 12/4/2025]. Academic journal regarding slavery and resistance in this area at this time: Bernard Marshall, Slave Resistance and White Reaction in the British Windward Islands 1763-1833, Caribbean Quarterly V28 N. 3 September 1982, pp.33-46 <https://www.jstor.org/stable/40653504> [accessed 12/4/2025]. ↩︎
  50. Worcester Journal, 19 May 1808, p. 3,
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000150/18080519/023/0003> [accessed 12/4/2015]. ↩︎
  51. Worcester Journal, 14 September 1809, p. 3,
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000150/18090914/028/0003> [accessed 12/4/2025]. 121 – Hereford Journal, 16 October 1816, p. 3, <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000398/18161016/007/0003> [accessed 12/4/2025]. ↩︎
  52. Hereford Journal, 15 July 1818, p. 3,
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000398/18180715/019/0003> [accessed 12/4/2025]. ↩︎
  53. Cheltenham Chronicle, 15 October 1818, p. 2,
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000311/18181015/003/0002> [accessed 12/4/2025]. ↩︎
  54. Worcester Journal, 5 November 1818, p. 3,
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000150/18181105/015/0003> [accessed 12/4/2025]. ↩︎
  55. Worcester Journal, 20 April 1820, p. 2
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000150/18200420/006/0002> [accessed 12/4/2025]. ↩︎
  56. ibid. ↩︎
  57. Worcester Journal, 8 May 1823, p. 2
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000150/18230508/007/0002> [accessed 12/4/2025]. Devisee in law definition: <https://www.legalzoom.com/articles/legatee-heir-beneficiary-and-devisee-what-are-the-differences> [accessed 12/4/2025]. ↩︎
  58. Worcester Journal, 8 May 1823, p. 2
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000150/18230508/007/0002> [accessed 12/4/2025]. ↩︎
  59. Hereford Journal, 3 September 1823, p. 3,
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000398/18230903/022/0003> [accessed 12/4/2025]. ↩︎
  60. Barbadian, 21 August 1827,
    <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004031/18270821/002/0001> [accessed 12/4/2025]. ↩︎
  61. Barbados Mercury and Bridge-town Gazette, 4 February 1812, p. 1, <https://dloc.com/AA00047511/00779/zoom/0>
    [accessed 12/4/2025]. In the article the plantation is listed as being in the parish of St Michael – one here is listed in St Peter: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Barbados> [accessed 12/4/2025]. Other references to this plantation: Barbados 283 (Hope Plantation), UCL, Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery, <https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/claim/view/5984> [accessed 12/4/2025]. Hope Plantation, UCL, Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery <https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/estate/view/762> [accessed 12/4/2025]. This article in the Mercury adds the detail that Hopeland was “subject to the mortgage of Thomas Pare Fowke, late of this island, deceased” and that it was still up for sale: Barbados Mercury, March 14 1812, p. 4, <https://dloc.com/AA00047511/00790/zoom/3> [accessed 12/4/2025]. “Fowke and others,” also had a claim on the estate “Bennett’s” in 1824 (enslaved people are listed): Barbados Mercury,  24 August 1824, p. 1, <https://dloc.com/AA00047511/02039/zoom/0> [accessed 12/4/2025]. ↩︎
  62. Barbadian, 4 April 1835, p. 1, <https://dloc.com/AA00071028/01256/zoom/0> [accessed 12/4/2025]. This list of slave and plantation owners was also carried in this edition of the Mercury, Barbados Mercury, 28 March 1835, p. 2, <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004030/18350328/018/0002> [accessed 12/4/2025]. ↩︎
  63. Barbadian, 4 April 1835, p. 1, <https://dloc.com/AA00071028/01256/zoom/0> [accessed 12/4/2025]. This list of slave and plantation owners was also carried in this edition of the Mercury, Barbados Mercury, 28 March 1835, p. 2, <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004030/18350328/018/0002> [accessed 12/4/2025].
    Slavery Abolition Act, Brittanica, <https://www.britannica.com/topic/Slavery-Abolition-Act>, [accessed 10/4/2025]. ↩︎
  64. Barbadian, 4 April 1835, p. 1, <https://dloc.com/AA00071028/01256/zoom/0> [accessed 12/4/2025]. This list of slave and plantation owners was also carried in this edition of the Mercury, Barbados Mercury, 28 March 1835, p. 2, <https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004030/18350328/018/0002> [accessed 12/4/2025]. ↩︎